Classification of Leather
![A3](http://www.leatherresourcescentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/A31-150x150.jpg)
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Testing of leather
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Leather defects:
*Ai??From slaughtering and conservation: bullet holes, blood vein marks, cut, decades, sun burn, frozen, pull damage, salt and heat damages
*Ai??From processing: loose, wrinkle, hair roots, machine damage, stains, fold mark, chemical damage, uneven dye, coat pilling, grain crack, layering
Physical test
* Stretch rate
* Tearing strength
* Stitch strength
* Grain break
* Light fastness
* Flexing resistance
* Abrasion fastness
* Rub fastness
* Moisture permeation
* Water resistance
* Frogging value
* Density
* Thickness
* Suppleness
* Shrinkage temperature
* Area
* pH
![Leather Test PPT [Compatibility Mode]](http://www.leatherresourcescentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/page4-150x150.jpg)
Chemical test
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*Ai??Restricted chemicals:
Variation of quality in leather
* Mechanical effects like by pressing, cutting, bending, pulling
* Attach to substances like water, adhesives, chemicals, heat
* Handwork: folding, touch with naked hand, transportation, storage
Caused in finishing procedures
* Changes in colour, gloss or fastness by contact with metal, plastic,Ai??fibre influencing each other or by storage, transportation, packing or displacing.
Change of quality on leather
Colour migration
* Phenomenon: Change of gloss or colour by means of light water heat and mechanical attack
* Solution: Refer to supplier, control quality before used, handle with care
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*Ai??Phenomenon: Grease or dirt stain at edge or some other part of leather
*Ai??Solution: Find out causes and try to avoid
Molding
*Ai??Phenomenon: Dots, spots or stains spreading gradually. Colour can be green, yellow, and brown. Blue to black with pungent smell.
*Ai??Solution: Try to clean with water and detergent or brushing if slightly molded. Enrich the anti-mold function. Storage in dry place.
Effect on other spare parts
*Ai??Phenomenon: Rusting with metals, stain with textile, plastic, polymers or wood, change of colour, suppleness, gloss or fastness.
*Ai??Solution: Precaution is important. Group small samples with the involved materials with leather together for some time. To observe any changes before practical work.
Change of mass
* Phenomenon: Weigh or measurement changed, winkle or folding mark more obvious, touch, dry and hard.
* Solution: Can be recovered by means of dry milling, troggling or ironing.
Leather quality online
Perfect leather
* Smooth and regular touching
*Ai??Even thickness all over area of one piece as well as the whole lot
*Ai??Full, round, fluffy, smooth, hard touch, regular, clear and distinguishedAi??grain pattern
*Ai??Streaming lay-out
*Ai??pleasant smell
Leather application
* Structures from different animals.
+Ai??Baby calf: fine grain, tight fibre
+Ai??Buffalo: rough fibre, thick, strong, rugged grain
+Ai??Goat: tight fibre, obvious grain pattern
+Ai??Sheep: looser and bulky fibre, light
+Ai??Pig: tight fibre, peat structure, rough grain
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*Ai??Different tanning
+ Vegetable tanned: firm, heavy, full
+ Aldehyde and oil tanned: light, washable, soft
+ Combination tanned: nature can be adjusted according to combinationAi??of formula
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* Different parts
+ Split: rough surface
+ Buffed grain (nubuk): suede appearance
+ Butt: firm and even
+ Belly: loose and empty
+ Shoulder: hard and rough
Storage of leather
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