Leather Testing and Inspection

Classification of Leather

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Testing of leather

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* By observation
* Physical test
* Chemical test
* Practical test

Leather defects:

*Ai??From animal: alive scars, tick marks, brand marks, insect, insert bits, growing wrinkles, scratches
*Ai??From slaughtering and conservation: bullet holes, blood vein marks, cut, decades, sun burn, frozen, pull damage, salt and heat damages
*Ai??From processing: loose, wrinkle, hair roots, machine damage, stains, fold mark, chemical damage, uneven dye, coat pilling, grain crack, layering

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Physical test

*Ai??Tensile strength
* Stretch rate
* Tearing strength
* Stitch strength
* Grain break
* Light fastness
* Flexing resistance
* Abrasion fastness
* Rub fastness
* Moisture permeation
* Water resistance
* Frogging value
* Density
* Thickness
* Suppleness
* Shrinkage temperature
* Area
* pH

Chemical test

Variation of quality in leather

Change of quality on leather

Colour migration

*Cause: Changed according to environment influence phenomenon such as light, weather and oldering
* Phenomenon: Change of gloss or colour by means of light water heat and mechanical attack
* Solution: Refer to supplier, control quality before used, handle with care

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*Ai??Cause: Careless handling by transportation, storage or manufactory
*Ai??Phenomenon: Grease or dirt stain at edge or some other part of leather
*Ai??Solution: Find out causes and try to avoid

Molding

*Ai??Cause: Leather not well treated with anti-mold agent. In right conditions like temperature, humidity and environment with rich mold spores can grow easily.
*Ai??Phenomenon: Dots, spots or stains spreading gradually. Colour can be green, yellow, and brown. Blue to black with pungent smell.
*Ai??Solution: Try to clean with water and detergent or brushing if slightly molded. Enrich the anti-mold function. Storage in dry place.

Effect on other spare parts

*Ai??Cause: Affect to some other materials, change of quality by influence between each other.
*Ai??Phenomenon: Rusting with metals, stain with textile, plastic, polymers or wood, change of colour, suppleness, gloss or fastness.
*Ai??Solution: Precaution is important. Group small samples with the involved materials with leather together for some time. To observe any changes before practical work.

Change of mass

Leather quality online

Perfect leather

*Ai??Colour, touch, suppleness, thickness, size and glossiness are qualified as requested
* Smooth and regular touching
*Ai??Even thickness all over area of one piece as well as the whole lot
*Ai??Full, round, fluffy, smooth, hard touch, regular, clear and distinguishedAi??grain pattern
*Ai??Streaming lay-out
*Ai??pleasant smell

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Leather application

* Structures from different animals.

+Ai??Cow: bigger area, good stretch, multi-properties
+Ai??Baby calf: fine grain, tight fibre
+Ai??Buffalo: rough fibre, thick, strong, rugged grain
+Ai??Goat: tight fibre, obvious grain pattern
+Ai??Sheep: looser and bulky fibre, light
+Ai??Pig: tight fibre, peat structure, rough grain

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*Ai??Different tanning

+ Chrome tanned: soft, light, more variations
+ Vegetable tanned: firm, heavy, full
+ Aldehyde and oil tanned: light, washable, soft
+ Combination tanned: nature can be adjusted according to combinationAi??of formula

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* Different parts

+ Grain: fine, smooth
+ Split: rough surface
+ Buffed grain (nubuk): suede appearance
+ Butt: firm and even
+ Belly: loose and empty
+ Shoulder: hard and rough

Storage of leather

* Leather contains 12%-15% of moisture. If it is too dry, hand touch will be uncomfortable and brittle. If it is too wet, it will cause moulding and colour worn out. Better stored in good air ventilated room with 15-25Ai??c and 65%-70% relative humidity, no direct contact with light, flat and spread placed, not in too high or heavy piles.

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